We already know that, at constant v
x = vt
We also know that, at constant a
v = v0 + at
What happens to position with constant acceleration? Well...
If we begin at a point x0, and travel at an average velocity vavg, we travel a distance given by
x = x0 + vavg t
The definition of vavg is
But, under constant acceleration a, the final velocity vf is simply
vf = v0 + at
so that
Substituting this into our equation for position x = x0 + vavg t, we obtain
x = x0 + v0 t + ½at2